While the European Central Bank (ECB) was arguably behind the curve in hiking interest rates, it has been wary to be the same on the way down in cutting rates. Not only in its first move to cut, but in guiding towards the start of the rate cutting cycle. This is the first time that Europe has moved ahead of the US Federal Reserve in cutting rates since November 2011 and April 1999. So it has ignited a vis à vis narrative and debate for global asset allocators.

What are the implications of Europe’s move to cut rates ahead of other developed markets?

While this was the first ECB rate cut since 2019, we believe it was one of the most widely expected cuts on record. So much has already been priced into markets. A move away from the synchronisation of central banks is not a cause for concern, in our view, but more of a function of differing economic situations.

We began to see a divergence in central bank communication since earlier this year.  Compared to Europe, US demand-driven inflation has been stickier; growth/employment better; and the consumer exceptionally strong. The Eurozone economy is experiencing less sticky inflation as largely driven by energy prices. This divergence creates opportunity for us as active managers.

As the path down to target inflation has been a bumpy one, markets are pricing a shallower cutting cycle across the globe versus what was priced at the start of 2024. Just because the ECB cut first though, it doesn’t mean it will cut at a faster pace versus other central banks. However, if policy rates are perceived as too slow to fall, bond yields could rise.

Some forecasts suggest that Europe may land at a lower neutral interest rate or r* – the rate at which monetary policy is neither stimulating nor restricting economic growth – than the US. This could be a positive for European corporates, but also influences policy headroom for the ECB. A lower long-term neutral rate in the Eurozone compared to other developed markets could:

– mean the ECB has less room to lower rates during economic downturns before hitting the effective lower bound. This could constrain the ECB’s ability to stimulate the economy through traditional monetary policy tools during recessions.

– mean the ECB could rely more on unconventional monetary policies such as quantitative easing, negative interest rates, forward guidance, etc.

– encourage corporate borrowers to invest and expand. Lower interest rates can reduce the cost of borrowing, but it can also push investors towards riskier assets as they chase higher yields and possibly inflate asset price bubbles.

What should investors be watching for in Europe’s outlook?

After better-than-expected wage growth and inflation figures, the ECB are buying themselves some optionality in “not pre-committing to particular rate path.” Forward guidance has now been scaled back in favour of “data dependency” and a “meeting by meeting’” approach. Upward revisions to both headline and core inflation from the March figures underline this more cautious approach. However, for Europe, there is little to suggest economic activity is going to suddenly substantially pick-up from here.

This caution extends to the ECB doesn’t want to undershoot their 2% target either. While the disinflation theme appears to have stalled, its revival is another risk perhaps more so than for other global markets.

What are the implications for credit investors?

Credit tends to perform best during ‘not too hot not too cold’ growth environment, where excess returns from investment grade (IG) credit are better when real GDP growth is between 1% and 3% (Figure 1). A relatively contained economic backdrop as well as continued strong demand for credit with investors far from overextended, it seems like an environment where carry – or yield – is important. Duration – the sensitivity of a bond to a change in interest rates – will also be important in an environment of falling rates.

The Governing Council of the ECB also confirmed the reduction of Eurosystem’s holdings of securities under the pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) by around EUR€7.5 billion per month over the second half of the year. According to Deutsche Bank supply forecasts factoring in the ECB’s quantitative tightening until year end, investors would have to absorb almost twice the amount of non-financial senior debt compared to financial seniors.¹ This means an improving (relative) technical backdrop in senior financial supply.

How does European credit look compared to other markets?

Higher yields – at around 4% for Euro IG credit² – act as a buffer against any market volatility and are an attractive entry level to the asset class. Nevertheless, we believe volatility is likely to remain muted and spread sell-offs relatively short-lived. Our focus is therefore to try to remain nimble and use weakness to buy at attractive levels. As discussed in our Q1 Credit Risk Monitor, dispersion is set to increase as rates stay higher for longer with the path gradual to the neutral interest rate, which means adding value through security selection will become more important.

Spreads have tightened on the anticipation of easing as yields have repriced, which leaves less scope for outperformance from further tightening. However, euro credit spreads look much more attractive than US credit spreads.  For example, EUR IG non-financials are at the 34^th percentile versus US IG non-financials at the 1^st percentile.

What difference to companies could this progression along the path to lower rates make?

Lower interest rates could open up access to capital for all companies – good and bad – but similarly, it could lead markets to be more discerning and spreads to show more dispersion than there has been in the IG space.

It’s important to expect this path to lower rates as gradual though with the absence of guidance towards a cut in the July meeting and a cut only needed every other meeting to get down to the neutral rate by the end of next year.

Higher rates for longer have two main implications for companies. First, this could flag inappropriate capital structures and their unsustainability. We are beginning to see this play out in lower-rated credit where the much higher cost of funding is really biting. Second, higher rates for longer encourages corporates to pay down their debt, i.e. we could see deleveraging, which should be positive for credit. This also indicates there could be higher dispersion in performance which we as active managers can exploit the market dislocations and inefficiencies to capture opportunities.