What are securitised assets?

Securitised debt’ is a term for financial securities which are secured by contractual cash flows from assets such as mortgages, credit card receivables and auto loans. The pool of underlying assets is financed by the issuance of bonds which are structured into slices, or tranches, with different risk profiles based on their ranking in the securitisation capital structure. Cashflows from the underlying loans (in the form of interest and principal payments) are then used to pay the interest and repay the principal on the various securitisation tranches – subject to the credit performance of the loan pool.

The process to turn these everyday assets into financial instruments is called ‘securitisation’. The term Asset-Backed Securities or ‘ABS’ is also often used as a catch-all term for these instruments. For simplification, we generally refer to ‘securitised’. As part of an educational series into European securitised, we separate fact versus fiction by showing how the process of securitisation is actually quite straightforward and credit quality can be improved through credit enhancement. We also consider how the industry has changed since the GFC.

How are assets securitised?

The securitisation process typically begins with a financial institution (or originator) selling a pool of assets to a special purpose vehicle (SPV). The SPV is a separate legal entity for which the sole function is to purchase those receivables. The SPV finances the acquisition of those assets by raising different tranches of debt and equity capital.

The SPV then utilises the cashflows generated by the purchased assets to pay back investors and provide them with a return. Securitisation creates ‘bankruptcy remoteness’, which ultimately transfers the risk of the securitised collateral away from the asset originator, with all exposure transferred to investors. This process generates efficiencies within the financial system by freeing up balance sheets to fund new lending activities.

The SPV issues securities in order of priority to sell to investors. Deal structures can range from simplistic single debt tranche structures to more complex multi-tranche offerings that span the credit spectrum, depending on their credit quality, cashflows and diversification. As seen in Figure 1, in the event of underlying loan portfolio defaults, the equity component of a securitised structure provides protection to the bonds, with losses only realised by the debt tranches in order of priority (AAA last) once the equity has been fully written off.

Improving credit quality

This form of credit enhancement, called ‘tranching’, also creates a waterfall structure, where cashflows are allocated to the higher-rated tranches first and work their way down to the lower-rated tranches. To compensate for the extra risk, investors in the junior-ranked tranches receive a better yield than those higher up the capital structure. Tranching also provides investors with the flexibility to tailor portfolios to specific risk-return objectives, as it determines the specific repayment and credit profiles for a particular bond in the structure.

Other forms of credit enhancement to improve the credit quality of securitised debt include the following:

• over-collateralisation, where the face value of the underlying assets in the collateral pool is higher than the bonds it backs, providing protection to all tranches.
• excess spread, often the first line of defence in absorbing potential losses, is where the interest earned on collateral pool exceeds the coupon payable on the securities and expenses.
• cash reserve funds, often funded by the originator designed to cover interest and expense shortfalls and losses in the collateral pool.

Securitised structures can be fully or partially amortising, where either immediately or after a period of time, repayments from the underlying collateral portfolio are used to repay principal. This can play an important role in risk reduction: the gradual repayment of debt tranches means investors take less borrower refinancing risk than corporate bonds, which typically have a large principal payment at maturity.

How has European securitised changed since the GFC?

Securitisation issuance began in the 1970s when home mortgages started to be pooled by US government-backed agencies. Banks then issued European securitisations in the late 1980s, as a funding tool to free up capital and transfer credit risk off their balance sheets. The market then experienced significant growth in the run up to the 2007/08 global financial crisis (GFC), with total outstanding placed securitised debt – issuance that is sold to investors rather than retained by issuing entities – in Europe reaching about €1 trillion in 2010¹. Since the crisis, annual European supply has hovered broadly around €100bn, with issuance down markedly from pre-GFC levels. However, this has recently begun ticking up with 2024 H1 primary issuance doubling to almost €104bn compared to the same period in 2023².

There’s no denying that the perception of securitised has been tainted by the performance of US residential mortgage-backed securitisations (RMBS) through the GFC. Back then, strong investor demand and overly optimistic collateral default expectations – backed by credit ratings agencies – fuelled unsustainable lending practices. A lack of appropriate checks and balances, particularly around some US sub-prime borrowers, resulted in large capital losses which spiralled upward through securitised structures. This was particularly the case for collateralised debt obligations (CDOs) – securitisations of certain financial assets – that purchased higher risk debt tranches of US mortgage securitisations, leveraging their risk to the US housing collapse that occurred. By contrast, European securitised performed significantly better, showing more resilience than US counterparts throughout the GFC (Figure 2).

Since the GFC, the industry has gone through significant structural change. There has been widespread focus placed on the risk management practices of investors, tightening of asset origination criteria, stronger transparency requirements, and tightening of rating agency standards, returning confidence to the market and increasing its robustness.

From 2019, the implementation of the European Securitisation Regulation (SECR) has further tightened requirements around the asset class. For example, originators are now required to have “skin in the game”, retaining at least a 5% stake of a securitised asset’s net economic interest³ to guard against the type of moral hazard seen in the lead-up to the GFC. The SECR regulation also established clear guidelines requiring the production of loan level data in standardised formats, with full disclosure of data required. It introduced a voluntary “Simple, Transparent, Standardised” label for securitisations⁴, where issuance of these high-quality straightforward structures has grown over the last few years⁵. Consequently, there has been increased standardisation and transparency in structures.

The European securitised market has since grown into a liquid, sizeable market. In Europe, outstanding placed issuance equated to €558 billion as at the end of March 2024⁶, where collateralised loan obligations (CLOs) make up the largest proportion at 41% of the market (Figure 3). This is around the same size as outstanding debt of the European high yield market⁷.

The opportunity set in the European securitised market is therefore diverse, offering access to many jurisdictions (and different macro drivers) and various underlying collateral types. Some collateral, like leases or credit card receivables, is linked to the consumer, offering ‘real economy’ exposures that are different from risk exposure in corporate credit. Investing in the European securitised sector can therefore help access diversification in portfolios and in our next instalment in the series, we look at the key features of the European securitised market in more detail.

Footnotes

¹ Source: AFME, Q4 2010 report.
² Placed issuance = €100bn. Source: AFME Securitisation Data Report Q4 2023 & 2023 Full Year, 28 March 2024. H1 issuance includes Australian debt denominated in Euros.
³ The interest measured at the origination, with the retention of no less than 5 % of the nominal value of each of the tranches sold or transferred to investors (ESMA).
⁴ Criteria on simplicity include requirements on homogeneity of the underlying exposures, underwriting standards and collateral credit quality. Standardisation requirements include early amortisation triggers, performance trigger-based reversion to sequential paydown, and “appropriate” mitigation of interest rate and currency risks. Transparency requirements include provision of a liability cash flow model and at least five years’ historical default and loss data for assets similar to the transaction’s underlying collateral. S&P Global. Meeting such criteria means the assets are eligible for preferential capital treatment.
⁵ Source: AFME, as at the end of 2023.
⁶ Source: Janus Henderson Investors, JPM & AFME, as at 31 March 2024.
⁷ Source: Bloomberg data, as at 27 August 2024. EU HY = €553 billion.