How do small caps solve their image problem? In an era of MAG 7 ‘mega cap’ tech dominance, global small caps have struggled to maintain their visibility, with endless headlines focused on macro-level major themes – like artificial intelligence (AI) – capturing investors’ attention and leading to ever-higher multiples for a heavily hyped shortlist of names.

In this environment, small cap stocks have struggled, in terms of performance, relative to large caps. But these kinds of market cycles are nothing new. While this latest cycle of large-cap outperformance has endured, there have been many more periods where small cap stocks have outshone their larger peers, led by consistently higher earnings growth (Exhibit 1).

Exhibit 1: Small companies consistently deliver higher earnings growth than large caps

Source:  JPMorgan research, Janus Henderson Investors Analysis, as at 31 December 2023. Growth here measured by growth in EBITDA – Earnings before Interest Tax Depreciation and Amortisation. Past performance does not predict future returns.

For the past few years, mega-cap tech stocks have carried the stock market on their shoulders, but 2024 has seen some cracks finally appear in the profile for these stocks, where even strong growth has not been enough to satisfy the rapacious expectations of the market. This has left investors starting to look elsewhere for value.

The case for small caps

As we move further past the peak of the interest rate cycle, and central banks continue to cut rates in pursuit of a ‘soft landing’ scenario, we see potential for investors to continue recalibrating their portfolios towards areas of the market that have historically tended to benefit the most from lower interest rates – small cap stocks.

Outside of macro trends, the key to small cap outperformance is the capacity they have to grow their earnings in a way that large cap stocks will struggle to consistently match. It is hard for a company like Apple to deliver significant growth on US$400 billion of annual sales, given its existing penetration. It is much easier for a small business to grow its sales by expanding into new markets, acquiring new clients, or broadening its product range.

There is also a case for investors to use small caps as a diversifier, given the clear structural differences that differentiate the small cap sector from their large cap peers. Small caps tend to operate more in industrials or materials than technology and are generally more focused on local markets. This means that an allocation to small caps leaves investors exposed to different structural drivers, such as de-globalisation (ie. the rebuilding of domestic production lines, rather than outsourcing to places like China).

But that does not mean that these sectors are not also participating in global mega trends, supplying the parts, products or raw materials that fast-evolving technology needs to sustain its growth. There are plenty of small cap stocks tapping into the huge long-term structural capex cycle for major technology firms, rather than relying on the variables of consumer demand.

The ‘evergreen’ argument for allocating to small caps is the persistent tailwind of merger and acquisition (M&A) activity. While the split can differ between regions, the vast majority of all M&A includes involves the acquisition of small cap businesses by a larger rival (Exhibit 2). Big companies buying small ones – often at a real premium to the prevailing price.

Exhibit 2: 95% of M&A deals involve a small cap target

Source:  Bloomberg, Factset, JPMorgan calculations, Janus Henderson Investors Analysis, as at 30 September 2024. Stocks below US$100m market cap excluded.

So where are valuations for small caps?

Ultimately small caps remain unloved and out of favour, but we see a lot of pent-up demand, with investors still lacking a bit of confidence in the economy – more so in Europe and the UK than in the US.

Smaller companies in the UK have had a tough time over the past few years, with uncertainty around Brexit compounded by rising interest rates costs and higher corporation tax rates. We see 2024 as a transformative period, and UK small caps are arguably no longer the ugly duckling. Growth in the economy is stirring, inflation is under control and we have a new government with a clear mandate for growth. Balance sheets are strong and we see lots of smaller companies with a net cash position (45% as at 30 September 2024).

Anecdotally, we are also seeing M&A interest picking up, primarily driven by overseas and private equity investors. But alongside that we are seeing a lot of buyback interest, as companies start to recognise their own value, rather than being just ripe targets for buyouts from their larger peers.

Europe might have the perception of being sclerotic, arguably even boring, but that overlooks that European small caps arguably have the most latent potential at a regional level. Europe is home to many fantastic companies that are exposed to any structural growth theme you can name. Companies with products or materials that are in consistent demand, or with scarce assets or a particular expertise that means they get paid whatever happens in the market.

While we have focused here on the UK and Europe, the global story is no different. US small cap stocks have shown signs of renewed momentum since mid-July 2024, initially sparked by anticipation of US Federal Reserve rate cuts, which duly followed. The argument now is if small caps might be on the cusp of an extended rotation. We see plenty of potential for additive stock selection across the global small cap space, given current prices (Exhibit 3).

Exhibit 3: Small caps offer plenty of opportunities for stock pickers

Source:  DataStream, MSCI regional small cap indices, Janus Henderson Investors Analysis, as at 30 September 2024. The forward price-to-earnings (forward P/E) ratio is a version of the ratio of price-to-earnings (P/E) that is calculated using forecasted earnings. There is no guarantee that past trends will continue, or forecasts will be realised. Past performance does not predict future returns.

Smaller caps remain the undiscovered country for investors

The key thing to keep in mind with small caps is the fact that companies in this space often get very little research coverage, despite it being a huge universe. You can find cash-generative, profitable companies with a long track record, that are the dominant player in what are often niche – but essential – industries. And yet many investors do not know what they do.

Investors might have to work a little harder to find companies that have the potential to deliver, but identifying a quality growth company generating a high return on capital that has been overlooked by the market, or finding a catalyst for change, such as a new CEO with a clear plan to revolutionise a business, can be transformative to your investment outcome.

Ultimately, valuation matters. The price that you pay at the beginning of the life cycle of owning an asset is fundamental to determining the return that you make. And at the moment, valuations across the small cap universe arguably offer plenty to consider, both relative to history and relative to the large cap universe. We think that should be a core message for investors at this point in the cycle.