Back to the future – back to tech?
Growth is more scarce in an economic slowdown. Now is not the time to shy away from the sector that has the longest growth trajectory, argues global technology equities portfolio manager, Richard Clode.
6 minute read
Key takeaways:
- We are past peak interest expectations, the growth stocks valuation derating is almost complete.
- A combination of more reasonable earnings expectations, rational valuations and a continuation of long-term technology trends makes us more optimistic on the outlook for the technology sector.
- FAANGs are unlikely to lead the next technology bull cycle, stock picking and strong valuation discipline become more necessary.
In hindsight 2020 was a generational anomaly, combining an unprecedented global pandemic with central bank helicopter money to repair the economic damage inflicted by global lockdowns. The subsequent two years were a painful reminder to investors that extrapolating pandemic growth rates and assuming almost 600 unprofitable technology companies in the US would all become the very profitable technology leaders of tomorrow was unrealistic. Echoes of the 2000 dot.com bubble and crash were evident in drawdowns that exceeded 70% for some unprofitable cloud software, e-commerce and fintech stocks, among others1, and the significant declines experienced by the highest-valuation tech companies that performed so well in 2020.
Tech valuations have been reset
The catalyst for that pain was a major resetting of interest rates expectations as inflation surged. However, with the US Federal Reserve (Fed) belatedly aggressively hiking rates and with the economy already slowing, we believe peak rate expectations have passed and therefore peak discounts for valuations for growth technology companies too. Much of the valuation derating to deflate the excess gains in the tech sector in 2020, as a result of the pandemic accelerating technology adoption, now appears done.
Investor focus will be on profitability and cash flow
Even if the Fed is successful in taming inflation, rates will not be returning to zero and central banks will need to continue to taper bloated balance sheets (central bank inflated their assets as a result of bond-buying to stimulate the economy) built up through the Global Financial Crisis and pandemic. The bull market from 2009-22 was defined by zero interest rates and quantitative easing (QE); the next bull cycle will be very different. Companies are being forced to be self-sufficient in terms of funding and capital raising, driving a focus on profitability and positive free cashflow.
The days of funding growth “via the next cheque from Softbank” are over. This new normal has exposed the poor quality of the growth of many pandemic beneficiaries that are now in a de-growth phase (shrinking). Identifying true growth companies in a slowing global economy will require skill and in-depth company analysis, instead of just buying the latest thematic exchange-traded fund (ETF).
True growth companies will need to have a competitive moat and the right business model to make money. It took around 20 years for unprofitable technology stocks to come back in vogue post the dot-com bubble; unless there is a return to global lockdowns and ‘free’ money it is unlikely those type of technology stocks will define the next bull cycle.
Figure 1: A third of tech companies were unprofitable
Source: Janus Henderson Investors, Bernstein, as at 4 January 2023. Unprofitable technology stocks= (# unprofitable technology stocks/total number of tech stocks within largest 1500 US stocks).
Stock picking needed to identify winners and losers
FAANG was an acronym for the five best-performing US tech stocks, which came to define the growth of the technology sector in the last bull cycle. That was a function of being key beneficiaries of the mobile cloud era and their commanding franchises, allowing then to outgrow the rest of the stock market. Looking forward, given their size, the saturation of some of their markets and regulatory headwinds, it is unrealistic to expect these tech giants to demonstrate a similar growth premium in the next bull cycle. New technology trends will emerge, as will new leaders that are capable of delivering outsized growth. And the stock market will reward them, coining new marketing acronyms. Similar to a decade ago when the technology index was loaded with PC and storage companies, this new cycle is likely to present significant opportunities for bottom-up stock pickers and active investors who can identify those future leaders.
Tech, the provider of solutions
Long-term technology trends continue to be strong because they are addressing a multitude of global challenges. Whether to meet climate change targets, a declining Chinese workforce, shortage of skilled labour or the inflationary costs of raw materials, all companies are seeking efficiency and to do more with less. Technology continues to be the solution, offering faster, better and cheaper products, driven by Moore’s Law, to a growing digital native demographic that is more willing to adopt new technologies.
ChatGPT is just the latest example of technology’s ability to boost productivity and is a watershed moment for generative, content creation AI. While still limited in its true intelligence, ChatGPT has democratised AI. After reaching 100 million users in only two months since its launch, the chatbot is driving a period of rapid innovation, bringing AI co-pilots to numerous software applications. Coding, education, legal, marketing and journalism are just some of the industries that could benefit from the productivity gains generative AI can provide.
A need to separate hype from true secular growth
In the assessment of new technologies, it is important to navigate the hype cycle by focusing on realistic expectations of growth and profit, not just revenue growth. We believe the trajectory of earnings estimates is the primary driver of stock returns. The pandemic led to unrealistic expectations for growth, which proved unsustainable. The broader stock market, including the technology sector, now needs to factor in a slowing economy, with the only real debate being a soft or hard landing.
Corporate earnings expectations remained stubbornly high through 2022 for most technology companies, except some cyclical, more economically-sensitive areas, but by later in the year we started to see the first, broader earnings estimates cuts, a process that has continued into early 2023. This has brought earnings expectations down to more reasonable levels. We believe the sector is close to completing that revision process (see figure 2). Recently, we saw Intel’s 4Q profit fall by the most in two decades, Samsung’s memory business profits falling 90% in the fourth quarter and Amazon Web Services reporting much weaker-than-expected revenue growth in January 2023. These are just some examples of the major resets we have factored in for the sector.
Figure 2: Tech earnings revisions – closer to a bottom than a top
Source: Morgan Stanley, Bloomberg, as at 14 November 2022. Number of technology companies with positive or negative earnings revisions.
Summary
A combination of more reasonable earnings expectations and rational valuations make us more optimistic on the outlook for the technology sector, in addition to the long-term technology trends that remain intact. The experience of 2022 was painful but ultimately cathartic for active stock pickers who focus on fundamentals such as profits and cashflow. Bear markets historically have not tended to last for that long and entering 2023 we were already over a year into that bear market. The next bull market cycle will come and could even have already started. Historically, the technology sector has outperformed other sectors in 20 of the prior 23 bull cycles since the 1930s, making this far from just a recent phenomenon.2 However, this new bull cycle when it comes, will likely reward profitable technology companies and the passing of the baton from the FAANG stocks to new leaders.
1From late 2021 to early March 2022. Cnbc.com: Here are the 10 of the worst-performing tech stocks from recent washout.
2Oppenheimer & Co., Bloomberg. Past performance does not predict future returns.
Balance sheet: a financial statement that summarises a company’s assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity at a particular point in time. Each segment gives investors an idea as to what the company owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by shareholders. It is called a balance sheet because of the accounting equation: assets = liabilities + shareholders’ equity.
Bull cycle/market: a financial market in which the prices of securities are rising, especially over a long time. The opposite of a bear market.
Derating: occurs when investors want to pay a lower price for shares, usually in anticipation of lower future earnings.
Growth stocks: investors believe such companies have strong growth potential and expect their earnings growth to be above-average compared to the wider market. Therefore, it is anticipated the share prices will increase in value.
Quantitative easing (QE): an unconventional monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate the economy by boosting the amount of overall money in the banking system.
Free cash flow: cash that a company generates after allowing for day-to-day running expenses and capital expenditure. It can then use the cash to make purchases, pay dividends or reduce debt.
FAANG: an acronym for stocks that were widely considered to be among the highest growth tech stocks namely Facebook (now Meta Platforms), Amazon, Apple, Netflix and Google (now Alphabet).
Softbank: Japan’s SoftBank, with its investment partners is a major investor in the global technology industry, including startups via its SoftBank Vision venture capital fund.
Moore’s Law: in 1965 Gordon E. Moore, Intel co-founder suggested that the number of transistors that can fit onto a microchip would double every two years. Thus, we can expect the speed and capability of computers to increase every couple of years, and at lower cost. Another tenet of Moore’s Law asserts that this growth is exponential.
Navigating the hype cycle: the “hype cycle” represents the different stages in the development of a technology, from conception to widespread adoption, which includes investor sentiment towards that technology and related stocks during the cycle.
Technology industries can be significantly affected by obsolescence of existing technology, short product cycles, falling prices and profits, competition from new market entrants, and general economic conditions. A concentrated investment in a single industry could be more volatile than the performance of less concentrated investments and the market.
These are the views of the author at the time of publication and may differ from the views of other individuals/teams at Janus Henderson Investors. References made to individual securities do not constitute a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any security, investment strategy or market sector, and should not be assumed to be profitable. Janus Henderson Investors, its affiliated advisor, or its employees, may have a position in the securities mentioned.
Past performance does not predict future returns. The value of an investment and the income from it can fall as well as rise and you may not get back the amount originally invested.
The information in this article does not qualify as an investment recommendation.
There is no guarantee that past trends will continue, or forecasts will be realised.
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Specific risks
- Shares/Units can lose value rapidly, and typically involve higher risks than bonds or money market instruments. The value of your investment may fall as a result.
- If a Fund has a high exposure to a particular country or geographical region it carries a higher level of risk than a Fund which is more broadly diversified.
- The Fund is focused towards particular industries or investment themes and may be heavily impacted by factors such as changes in government regulation, increased price competition, technological advancements and other adverse events.
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- If the Fund holds assets in currencies other than the base currency of the Fund, or you invest in a share/unit class of a different currency to the Fund (unless hedged, i.e. mitigated by taking an offsetting position in a related security), the value of your investment may be impacted by changes in exchange rates.
- When the Fund, or a share/unit class, seeks to mitigate exchange rate movements of a currency relative to the base currency (hedge), the hedging strategy itself may positively or negatively impact the value of the Fund due to differences in short-term interest rates between the currencies.
- Securities within the Fund could become hard to value or to sell at a desired time and price, especially in extreme market conditions when asset prices may be falling, increasing the risk of investment losses.
- The Fund could lose money if a counterparty with which the Fund trades becomes unwilling or unable to meet its obligations, or as a result of failure or delay in operational processes or the failure of a third party provider.
Specific risks
6 minute read
Key takeaways:
- We are past peak interest expectations, the growth stocks valuation derating is almost complete.
- A combination of more reasonable earnings expectations, rational valuations and a continuation of long-term technology trends makes us more optimistic on the outlook for the technology sector.
- FAANGs are unlikely to lead the next technology bull cycle, stock picking and strong valuation discipline become more necessary.